社交恐惧症患者防御方式的研究

目的　了解社交恐惧症患者的防御方式以及父母教养方式和个性特征 ,以期在今后的临床工作中能够对社交恐惧症患者更好地实施心理干预措施。方法　采用防御方式问卷 (DSQ)、父母养育方式评价量表 (EMBU)及艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)对4 8例社交恐惧症患者进行问卷调查 ,并与 4 8例正常受试者加以比较。结果　同正常对照组相比 ,社交恐惧症组中间型和不成熟防御方式因子分较高 ,而成熟防御方式因子分较低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;其父母的情感温暖因子分低 ,而父母的惩罚、拒绝因子分及父亲的过度保护和母亲的偏爱被试因子分高 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 ) ;另外 ,社交恐惧症组EPQ的神经质 (N)因子分较高 ,而内外倾向 (E)因子分则较低 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　社交恐惧症患者的防御方式、父母教养方式及个性特征与正常人有着明显的不同 ,为今后开展分析性心理治疗 ,实施心理干预措施提供了依据     

焦点解决取向团体辅导对血液透析患者负面情绪及医学应对方式的干预效果

目的:探究焦点解决取向团体辅导对血液透析患者焦虑、抑郁情绪和医学应对方式的影响。方法:将60名血液透析患者分为对照组(n=30)和干预组(n=30),对照组接受常规护理,干预组在此基础上接受为期五周的焦点解决取向团体辅导。干预开始前和结束后,分别采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、医学应对方式问卷评定被试情绪及医学应对方式。结果:干预后,干预组的抑郁和焦虑水平较同期对照组显著降低。在医学应对方面,干预后,干预组的面对水平较同期对照组显著提升;屈服水平较同期对照组显著下降。结论:焦点解决取向团体辅导能降低血液透析患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪,改善其医学应对方式。     

应对方式对恶性血液病患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨恶性血液病患者的应对方式对其生活质量的影响。方法采用一般资料调查表、医学应对方式问卷和健康状况调查量表对110例恶性血液病患者进行问卷调查。结果恶性血液病患者生活质量总分为(49.76±14.67)分,各维度得分均低于国内常模(P0.01)。面对与社会功能、精神健康、情感职能呈正相关(r=0.197、0.213、0.204);回避与精神健康呈正相关(r=0.239),与精力、生理职能呈负相关(r=-0.248、-0.192);屈服与生活质量总分及各维度呈负相关(r=-0.325~-0.675)。结论应对方式是影响恶性血液病患者生活质量的重要因素,应引导患者采取积极的应对方式,以提高其生活质量。     

Headache interference as a function of affect and coping: an artificial neural network analysis

Artificial neural networks present a technique for modeling relationships between variables in complex systems. The negative effects of headache are determined by many "biopsychosocial" elements that represent a complex system. Artificial neural networks may therefore be useful for examining psychological factors in headache. To test this hypothesis, we trained an artificial neural network to predict life-style interference attributed to headache from psychological measures of anger, depression, and coping appraisal and strategies. The artificial neural network demonstrated a better fit of the data than that obtained by multiple regression, and predicted interference levels to within 10% error for 80% of novel cases. Artificial neural networks may be a useful technique for examining psychological correlates of headache.     

护理工作缺陷原因分析及管理对策

目的预防和减少护理缺陷的发生,提高护理管理水平。方法将护理工作“零缺陷”作为工作目标,对2003年2月～2005年1月上交护理部的护理缺陷记录表进行分析、比较,总结处理对策。结果2004年护理缺陷发生率比2003年下降了65.22%,2004年全年没有发生违反操作规程、报告医生不及时和预见性问题等护理缺陷,发生的事件对患者的影响程度明显降低。结论护理工作缺陷与护理管理密切相关,护理缺陷的防范措施重在落实,只有做好事前防范,事后及时分析并完善制度与程序等才能保障护理“零缺陷”。     

心理干预对高职护理专业学生自我接纳及应对方式的影响

[目的]评价高职护理专业学生自我接纳水平与应对方式之间的关系,并实施针对性的心理干预,为高职院校培养高素质护理人才提供理论依据。[方法]以浙江省某高职院校护理专业248名大学生为研究对象,随机分为干预组和对照组,干预组给予集体心理健康教育进行心理干预,对照组不采取干预措施。用自我接纳问卷(SAQ)和特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)及自制心理干预效果问卷分别评定新生和毕业生自我接纳水平、应对方式。[结果]2002级与2003级新生自我接纳水平、自我评价无统计学差异,自我接纳与特质应对方式中积极应对呈正相关,与消极应对呈负相关;两组自我接纳评分无统计学差异,而干预组自我评价、积极应对评分高于对照组,消极应对评分低于对照组。[结论]心理干预措施切实有效。     

Parental explanatory style and its relationship to the classroom performance of disabled and nondisabled children

This study examined the relationship between the explanatory style of parents for events involving their school-aged children and the children's classroom performance. Parents and teachers of 52 disabled and 40 nondisabled elementary school students completed questionnaires. Those children whose parents attributed bad events to internal, stable, and global causes tended not to fulfill their potential in the classroom, according to ratings by their teachers. The same patterns held for both disabled and nondisabled children. Findings suggest that the attributional beliefs of parents can affect the behavior of their children.This paper is based on an honors thesis in psychology at the University of Michigan, completed by the first author under the supervision of the second author. We wish to thank Jane Somers for making this research possible. Lisa M. Bossio gave helpful editorial advice. Anne Vanden Belt is now at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.     

The Stability of the Response Styles Questionnaire Rumination Scale in a Sample of Patients with Major Depression

Response style theory (RST; S. Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991a) posits that ruminative response style (RRS) to depression prolongs and intensifies depressed mood, maintains a current depressive episode, and increases the likelihood of a new (or recurrent) depressive episode. The goal of this investigation was to examine the relative (i.e., retest reliability) and absolute (i.e., mean level change) stability of self- and symptom-focused RRS measured by the Response Style Questionnaire (RSQ; S. Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991b) with 110 patients being treated for major depression. In all patients, both kinds of RRS showed relative stability. In remitted patients, neither kind of RRS showed absolute stability. In currently depressed patients, only self-focused RRS showed absolute stability. On the basis of these results it is proposed that symptom-focused RRS may intensify depressed mood and current depressive episode, as well as predispose to recurrence, whereas self-focused RRS may prolong a current depression and increase the likelihood of a new depressive episode.     

Metatraits and cognitive assessment: Application to attributional style and depressive symptoms

This research examined whether attributional style is more closely related to depressive symptoms for some people than for others. In Study 1, depressed patients voicing more explanations for negative events showed (nonsignificantly) higher correlations between attributional style and depressive symptoms. In Study 2, subjects reporting a tendency to ruminate about the causes of events showed stronger relations between attributional style and depressive symptoms. Conversely, subjectslow in attributional complexity exhibited stronger relations of depressive symptoms with positive-event attributional style. We speculated that by asking for ratings of only the single most important cause of events attributional style measures might provide a less adequate sample of the causal thinking of attributionally complex subjects. Study 3 partially supported this reasoning; attributional complexity was not significantly correlated with seeing events as having multiple causes, but it was associated with rating second-most-important causes as distinct from first causes on attributional dimensions. Thus, current attributional style measures and theories might be best-suited to subjects who (a) tend to ponder causes of events but (b) arrive at uniform conclusions about the nature of these causes.For assistance in conducting this research we are grateful to Christina Claffy, Jennifer Fine, Jennifer Hanlon, Mark Miller, Mark Nelson, Jennifer Poirier, Heather Quinn, Diana Roscow Terrill, and Sandra Thomsen. Parts of this research were supported by NIMH grant 1RO3MH47003-01A1 to the second author.     

乳腺癌患者围术期人格特质及医学应对方式的临床研究

目的探讨不同人格特质的乳腺癌患者手术前后采取应对方式的特点,为临床心理护理提供理论依据。方法采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)分别对84例乳腺癌患者的人格特质和应对方式进行测评和分析。结果本组患者手术前后人格特点表现内向、情绪较稳定,术前以“回避”应对方式为主,术后以“面对”应对方式为主,但“屈服”应对方式分值一直处于中等水平,相关分析发现“面对”与EPQ-E呈正相关,而与EPQ-N无相关性,“回避”与EPQ-E、N均无相关性,“屈服”与EPQ-E呈负相关,与EPQ-N呈正相关。结论乳腺癌患者围术期采取的应对方式受人格因素影响,应根据其特点制定相应护理策略。